Trigger B. Trigger, Time and Traditions. Essays in archaeological interpretation Edinburgh Haheu, O. Levinschi A. Olsen, Z. Polish perspective. Archaeologia Polona 29, , Keywords: Late Iron Age, Thraco-Getians, Scythians, human bones in settlements, necropolis, occupational markers, health status. This study discusses several discoveries from the Late Iron Age. The series attributed to the Thraco-Getians is represented by three human bone discoveries from Saharna Mare Rezina district, Republic of Moldova , and the Scythians one — by discoveries from Crihana Veche Cahul district, Republic of Moldova.
We also used older human bone discoveries, anthropologically analyzed, regardless of the size or the way of detailing. The comparative analysis of human bones presented in this study raises some questions: Did members of these communities have different ways of life? How was their health? What were their food preferences? How mobile or sedentary were they? How these variables are reflected in the occupational stress markers, in the skeletal constitution, and the paleopathological picture?
We will try to find an answer to these questions during the description and analysis of each context, using anthropological data in correlation with archaeological ones. Human communities in the Late Iron Age through occupational and lifestyle markers 89 1.
Introducere 1. We also find studies which refer to occupational markers in ; Villotte ; Molleson ; Villotte a; populations from distinct historical periods, from the Late Henderson ; Villotte et al. Paleolithic to the Modern Era, or in distinct communities, ; Villotte et al. Berthon et al. Preliminarii privind contextul arheologic from this point of view. The defensive elements on the west side consist getice, fie la cele scitice, pentru a completa seriile of a wall with an adjacent ditch.
The feature no. Depunerea de oseminte umane nr. Saharna Mare; 2. Crihana Veche-La Pietricei; 3. Agighiol; 4. Hagieni; 9. Histria-Sat; Peretu; A treia map, M. Caracteristicile lor nu sunt relevante pentru et al. Saharna Mare. III a. They come from a middle-aged adult years old , probably male. Their characteristics are not relevant for the study of occupational stress markers. They are distributed Ciobanu et al. Ciobanu et al.
Anthropological data on occupational markers 3. It is currently considered lost. No anthropological data is available. Feature no. It is considered lost. Osul provine, cel mai probabil, about years according to dental crown wear. The bones come from a male of about 60 years old, with a partially represented Contextul nr. Pe femurul drept sunt urmele that intensely required the muscles responsible for unui traumatism produs perimortem, cauzator movement. On the humerus, enthesopatic changes are in the place of deltoid, brachial and brachial triceps muscles insertion.
The Pe occipital, crestele nucale ating un grad de reliefare femur has an extremely pronounced and rough linea aspera ridicat, de torus occipitalis. Tulcea, cercetat de I. Human bones discovered in Feature no. The vast lateral and medial muscles, adductors, interdisciplinare, materialul scheletic uman fiind femoral biceps, and gluteus muscle groups are inserted reanalizat de A.
Soficaru Soficaru a. Autorul on the posterior face of the femur fig. Trohani Moscalu A interdisciplinary analysis, the human skeletal material being fost datat cu mijlocul sec. Teleaga , reanalyzed by A. The author The young female had arthritic cm. As for the second skeleton, it remains sec. Zirra Necrasov, Botezatu female, but the reanalysis lowers its biological age at death VI hyperostosis in the vicinity of cranial sutures caused a.
VI-V a. I skeleton 1 during the anthropological re analysis, is a a. III-II a. Zirra intens. VII-IV a. A female skull is highlighted M. According to the authors, Simion b, What is certain is that de A.
The bones are relatively robust in males, while nedeterminabil Agulnicov , We make the necessary cultural leap to discuss the Scythian skeletal series selected for this study. In tumulus 2 three Scythian graves were discovered. In tumulus 3 only one grave was discovered disturbed in antiquity , the bones M. Tumulus 4 had two graves. Despite his age, the dental health was very 2 good, with only a thick layer of calculus on his tooth enamel. Occupational markers suggest the handling of combat weapons, ground mobility, and intense and lasting equestrian activities.
Crihana Veche-La Pietricei. Skeleton articulare, fig. Maxilla, dental injuries on the left incisors after Ciobanu et al. Her health was poor at the time of death. Perimortem she suffered several dental injuries fig. Ware culture M. Osemintele din M. Scheletul, , ; Ciobanu et al. Caries and their associated pathologies are missing. Pe unele componente scheletice ale are ossified ankylosing spondylitis fig.
The bones in M. His dental Bejenaru ; Ciobanu et al. Paleopathological analysis revealed osteoarthritis in the spine, elbow, and hand joints. Left orbital roof, active Fig. Left femur, cribra orbitalia photo A. The femora show The right femur, Fig. Cervical vertebrae, distal epiphysis, myositis ossificans photo A. On the bones of the pelvis trei morminte fig. Pe intervertebral hernia.
On Ciobanu et al. The skeleton in M. Pe un element al abscesses. Scheletul din M. Necrasov ; Moldovan Two graves were discovered in tumulus 18 from Crihana Veche-La Pietricei.
The right femur, 4 Additional investigations radiographs, CT scans are required to establish plaque, head ovalization, arthritic and enthesopathic changes a reliable diagnosis, including invasive procedures histopathological photo A. Frontal 1 and tibial diaphysis 2 with osteolytic changes photo A. In the tumulus no. Resturile The skeleton from M. The skeleton discovered in sex masculin. Cel din M. Tulcea au fost analizate de A. Some males have reached old age. Soficaru, who attributes al.
Osemintele au fost analizate de A. Soficaru, the incomplete skeleton from the main grave M. The skull was cu un obiect contondent. In two of the investigated pits C and II-I a. Resturile scheletice by G. Vasile, who established that the cap fragment umane au fost analizate de G.
Vasile, care a stabilit comes from a young adult. These are characteristics cu poveri pe spate. Skeletal indicators positively ecvestre. Amintim de 12 non-penetrating excavations and an incomplete circular traumatismele dentare provocate de lovituri aplicate ditch.
The cranial oaselor centurilor. Human communities in the Late Iron Age through occupational and lifestyle markers Un aspect important de subliniat pentru ambele 5. Defensive structures and arrangements in the Saharna microregion, which required considerable physical effort photo M.
Stone from the ruins of bastion no. Returning to the Middle de Mijloc. Cele Age. In this assessment were not taken into account de cca m. Also useful in recording the invested physical emplectonul zidului.
Aguayo S. Simalcsik, and Puebloan Native American Populations. A Thesis in A. Agulnicov S. Agulnicov, Vestigii scitice la Prutul Inferior. Sava, V. Iarmulschi, A. November Studia Archaeologica 28, , Ari, Oygucu, Sendemir I. Ari, H. Oygucu, Benjamin et al.
Benjamin M. Toumi, U. Sendemir, The squatting facets on the tibia of Byzantine J. Ralphs, G. Bydder, T. Best, S. Milz, Where tendons 13th skeletons. Baillif-Ducros, M. Truc, 5, 1, , Paresys, S. Berthon, B. Tihanyi, L. Coqueugniot, O. Dutour, G. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 29, 1, , Best, B. Holt, K. Troy, J. In: Coord. Actes du IIIe Colloque pone.
Ceban, D. Topal, S. Popovici, Tumulul scitic nr. Pietricei r-nul Cahul. X, , Moldova II, , Constantinescu M. Ceban, A. Studii de Preistorie 10, , de la Crihana Veche raionul Cahul.
Akademos 1, , Ciobanu, A. Simalcsik, S. Popovici, asupra craniului scheletului nr. Agulnicov, L. Simalcsik, L. Vasiliniuc, S. Acta Musei Napocensis I, , Proceedings of Saharna Summer Hawkey D. Bejenaru, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8, , Agulnicov, S. A re-analysis and interpretation. Durham Ciobanu, Agulnicov I. Ciobanu, S. Agulnicov, Jurmain R. Jurmain, Stories from the skeleton.
Rezultatele Behavioral reconstruction in human osteology Rotledge campaniei III, , Molleson, A method for the study of A. Khudaverdyan, H. Khachatryan, L. Eganyan, The activity related skeletal morphologies. Armenia : A case study. Bulletin of the International Molleson, Blondiaux T. Molleson, J. Blondiaux, Association for Paleodontology 11 2 , , Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, Khudaverdyan et al.
Khudaverdyan, , Yengibaryan, S. Hobosyan, A. Hovhanesyan, Nagacevschi et al. Nagacevschi, A. Simalcsik, A. Saratikyan, An Early Armenian female warrior of the V. Larsen C. Journal of Archaeological Research, la Pratique de la Trepanation chez les Populations 10, 2, , Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques de Roumanie. In: Levinschi, Vlasenco A.
Levinschi, I. Necrasov, Botezatu O. Necrasov, D. Botezatu, Studiul antropologic al scheletelor protoistorice din cimitirul de la Maggiano et al. Maggiano, M. Schultz, H. Kierdorf, Histria-Sat punctul Bent. Sierra Sosa, C. Maggiano, V. Tiesler Blos, Cross-Sectional 14, , Necrasov, M. Cristescu, Archaeological and Osteological Evidence.
Hierasus I, , Arheologie - Istoria - Muzeologie 9, V. Zanoci, G. BC , Tulcea County, Romania. The study E. Ene, A. Vasile, S. Life and Death. Soficaru, Analize paleoantropologice ale Napoca , Dutour, Activity-induced der Skelette aus Agighiol.
Volulum International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11, 1, , Band 1: Agighiol und Peretu Pearson O. Current Soficaru b: A. Band 1: Agighiol und Peretu muscle sites: a statistical approach. Osteoarchaeology 8, 5, , Sparacello, Marchi, Shaw V. Sparacello, Santos et al. Santos, F. Alves-Cardoso, S.
Assis, D. Marchi, C. Antropologia Populations. Carlson, D. Marchi Reconstructing Portuguesa 28, , Simion a: G. Simion , Culturi Tihanyi et al. Tihanyi, Z. Berecski, E. Berthon, L. AD archery on the basis of activity-induced stress markers on the skeleton — Simion b: G. Human communities in the Late Iron Age through occupational and lifestyle markers Villotte S. Villotte, S. Assis, F.
Henderson, V. Mariotti, M. Milella, D. Speith, C. Wilczak, R. Jurmain, In search of consensus: n. Terminology for entheseal changes EC. International Journal of Paleopathology 13, , Villotte a: S.
In: Dir. Villotte b: S. Tyragetia perspectives. Villotte S. Villotte et al. Villotte, D. Castex, V. Couallier, O. Dutour, C. American Journal of Physical Anthropology , , IV-III a. Keywords: Middle Dniester region, Saharna microzone, 4th-3rd centuries BC, tools and utensils, occupations, iron metallurgy.
Abstract: In the Middle Dniester region, the so-called Saharna microzone is distinguished by the number of sites discovered. Here, thanks to field research, 18 hillforts and 14 open settlements were attested.
At the same time, some archaeological structures have been identified, as well as tools that indicate the practice of metallurgy by local communities. Aceasta este research. Gradul de cercetare a siturilor din sec. Rezina Saharna Mare 4. Stohnaia III Printre artefactele recuperate din siturile din sec. IV- 9. IV-III varies from period to period, but the most numerous belong a. Cele mai 18 hillforts and 14 open settlements belonging to this multe2 31 ex.
The degree of research of the sites of the 4th-3rd centuries BC in the Saharna microzone is different. Iron tools and utensils discovered at the sites of the 4th-3rd centuries BC in the Saharna microzone Fig. Given their importance for elucidating the occupations of the Getae in the Saharna microzone, below we will consider only the category of objects made of iron — tools and utensils.
To date, from the sites dating to the 4th-3rd centuries BC, come about 60 iron objects, which were included in the category of tools and utensils. Most2 31 ex. The tongs fig. The tongs, 16 cm long, had a short head with gripping ends, flat on the inside, 2 slightly curved towards the edges, with a rivet near the handles Levinschi , 49, fig.
This tool allowed 3 4 2 The number of finds varies depending on the area researched archaeologically. Uneltele de acest tip sunt mai frecvent future iron products.
Acest tip de fig. Vulpe, Teodor , fig. Levinschi, with metallurgical activity fig. Secerile fig. Trei piese una quasi- microzone by five specimens. A whole sickle was found in the Saharna 27, fig. The whole pieces have a length of Astfel de Zanoci , 69, fig. IV- Matveev, Nicic , 49, fig. Despite the large number of pieces, due to the , 89, pl. Depending on the arrangement of the stem with respect to the blade, we attest two variants of knives: I.
Regardless of the shape of the stem, a wooden3 or horn handle was put on it. The stem, and thus the handle of the knives included in variant I. The length of their blade varies from 5. Knives: Type I. Graphic reconstruction. The knives included in variant I. The length of their blade is 5. This is proved by rivets fig. Depending on the shape of al. The knives attributed to variant II. Such knives Matveev, Nicic , fig. Varianta II.
Knives: Type II. Some items fig. La unele exemplare fig. Acele fig. Ustensile din fier. Iron utensils. Iron Ursu-Naniu, Corobcean , 43, fig. II-I a. Smirnov, but it is not illustrated. Miclea, R. Iron tools and utensils discovered at the sites of the 4th-3rd centuries BC in the Saharna microzone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. Thus, the local production of iron items can only be assumed.
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