Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. The E-mail Address es field is required.
Please enter recipient e-mail address es. The E-mail Address es you entered is are not in a valid format. Please re-enter recipient e-mail address es.
You may send this item to up to five recipients. The name field is required. Please enter your name. The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. Please verify that you are not a robot. Would you also like to submit a review for this item? You already recently rated this item. Your rating has been recorded. Write a review Rate this item: 1 2 3 4 5.
Preview this item Preview this item. Revista portuguesa de arqueologia Publisher: Lisboa Inst. Search this publication for other articles with the following words:. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private. Save Cancel. Find a copy in the library Finding libraries that hold this item Reviews User-contributed reviews Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. All excavated sediment was sieved through 2-millimeter screens, providing a useful Fig.
Subsurface testing yielded a total of artifacts, distributed across the site in a density pattern statistically inseparable from the surface distributions. No prehistoric artifacts were recovered from the hill slope auger cores and less than one half of one percent of artifact edges exhibit rolling damage, observations that eliminate the likelihood of down slope movement of artifacts onto the terrace during the Early Upper Paleolithic. Systematic surface collection coupled with subsurface testing obtained a large and representative artifact assemblage sufficient for chronological designation of the site and coarse-grained intra-site spatial analysis.
During technological and typological studies, observations on artifact size and edge damage due to rolling, plowing, or other transport process were recorded. Less than one percent of the lithic assemblage exhibits rounded or dull edges, and most of these pieces may have been weathered during the periodic saturation of terrace sediments rather than rolled through transport. It is probably misleading to consider these separate reduction trajectories, as the assemblage evidences a concern for the conservation of raw material or, at least, a very efficient and flexible technological stra- tegy.
For example, retouched tools occur on cortical flakes and large frag- ments resulting from the preliminary preparation of large blade cores. Bladelet cores occur on identical thick flakes and chunks as those selec- ted for retouch.
As described in Table 1, the blade to flake ratio is nearly Most of the recovered blades are broken, as whole blades were transported off site by the knappers. Slightly more than a third of the blades exhibited faceted or dihedral platforms, with over half possessing a distinctive abraded platform front see Figure 4. Endscrapers outnumber burins, parti- cularly when carinations are considered scraping tools.
Burins on trun- Fig. As Almeida and others have shown, carination is not chrono- Actual size. Marks and Almeida, , especially in comparison to many other regions of Europe but see discussion in Blades, No complete Dufour bladelets were recovered, but at least one retouched fragment and an inversely retouched bladelet could be fragments of Dufour bladelets.
No backing was identified in the assemblage, eliminating a Late Upper Pale- olithic attribution for this bladelet component of the assemblage. Almeida convincingly demonstrated that carinations were not desired tool forms and should be considered cores in the later Aurignacian V or Terminal Gravettian assemblages of Portuguese Estremadura.
A total of eleven resharpening fragments were identified based on retouch form, edge angle, and edge damage that resulted from use prior to removal.
In addition, a num- ber of chert tools were fashioned on cortical flakes or discarded after significant use lives, and resharpening debris from chert artifacts is evident. Aurignacian tech- nological organization was very flexible while efficiently reducing raw material, even when con- servation of chert was not a geographic necessity. Analysis of assemblage class distributions across the site yielded unexpected results given the geological reconstructions discussed above.
The dense eastern scatter did contain relative concentrations of cores, tools, blades, and bladelets, along with three large burned cobbles greater than 12 centimeters in diameter. These cobbles are certainly manuports given the geological context, and probably are remnants from a plow-disturbed hearth feature.
The assemblage is size-biased, containing a higher frequency of smaller pieces than the rest of the site. This size differential and lack of cores did not result from exposure and scouring, which should remove the smaller elements and bias the assemblage in the reverse direction larger pieces. If the scatter was artificially created through plow trans- port of artifacts from the denser eastern edge, the assemblage should exhibit similar class rela- tive frequencies across the entire site.
A wide range of reduction and use activities were performed on the eastern half of the site, possibly focused around a hearth feature. Certain smal- ler elements, most notably retouched tools and bladelets were manufactured or transported and discarded during activities on the floodplain near the streambed. For example, the quality and number of tools cannot be assessed rela- tive to the assemblage size, and site function is necessarily more conjecture than analysis.
Two possible scenarios emerge from this regional assemblage comparison. The other possibility is that interassemblage varia- tion results from differences in site occupation duration, scheduling of activities, or similar dyna- mic processes that create stochastic lithic assemblage variability, an increasingly recognized pro- blem for interpreting the Aurignacian in France White, ; Blades, Additional comparable assemblages are needed to define the spectrum of Portuguese Aurignacian interassemblage vari- ability before further resolution of this problem is possible.
Aurignacian foragers established a short-term campsite on the narrow, shel- tered floodplain for a variety of gearing up and subsistence activities. The resharpening removals and other small fragments recovered in the sieving process are significant for site and assemblage inter- pretation, as they confirm the campsite rather than workshop nature of the assemblage, and demonstrate an overall concern for conservation of lithic raw material even within a few hun- dred meters of a chert source.
Future research in Estremadura must focus on sampling additional Aurigna- cian-aged landforms and sediments from both open air and cave contexts, with the goal of loca- ting absolute-dateable Aurignacian assemblages.
In the Rio Maior vicinity it is increasingly evi- dent that geological post-depositional processes have destroyed most landforms of this age through erosion. Journal of Human Evolution. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing. KUHN, S. American Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Forli, Colloquium XI. Journal of Field Archaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. New York: Aldine De Gruyter. Implications of the Iberian record for the debate on the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition.
Human Evolution. New York: Plenum Press. Current Anthropology. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, p Lisboa: Colibri.
0コメント